Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) manages code by grouping it into independent modules known as objects, emphasizing the crucial principle of Separation of Concerns. This means each object should focus on its specific responsibilities. However, real-world applications often feature functionalities that are common across multiple objects or modules, such as logging, security, transaction management, and performance monitoring. These functionalities are called Cross-cutting Concerns. Challenge of Cross-Cutting Concerns Scattering These cross-cutting concerns, when handled solely with OOP, create two major problems. The first problem is Scattering , which is when code for a specific functionality is spread across multiple places through copying and pasting. For instance, imagine adding user permission checks and logging code to every function. The same logging and permission checking code would repeatedly appear within each method. Tangling The other issue is Tangling . This refe...